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【光明日报·社会周刊·平安·前沿视点】
今年暑期,电梯伤人事故频发。原本是帮助人们节省体力、提升生活品质的科技产品,竟屡屡成为“夺命”机器。据权威部门统计,2014年全国共发生49起电梯事故,死亡37人。惊叹扼腕之余,人们心中也产生了许多问号:我国电梯安全形势究竟如何?遭遇电梯事故应该如何维权?如何才能从根本上防范电梯事故?
1.四大原因致事故频发
到底是哪些因素导致电梯安全事故频频发生呢?根据国家质检总局特种设备安全监察局相关部门负责人介绍以及对相关媒体报道的分析,笔者认为,在我国,导致电梯事故频发的主要原因有四个方面。
一是老旧电梯制动器的安全标准较低。制动器是电梯的核心装置,它的安全、可靠是保证电梯安全运行的核心因素。在2003年之前,基于当时的技术水平和经济发展水平,国家对电梯制动器设定的安全标准并不高,故2003年之前安装的电梯,在制动器的安全性能方面与2003年之后安装的电梯相比,有一定差距,容易造成安全隐患。不过,这绝不是说2003年之前安装的电梯就普遍不安全,而只是说明,相关安全标准已经随着社会的进步显著提高,我们今天乘坐的电梯安全性能比以前有了更大的进步。
公共场所管理人应当提高电梯安全运行意识,对所辖电梯进行及时、有效的安全维护与日常保养。图为合肥市瑶海区一商场内,质监人员正在对自动扶梯进行安全检查,并向商场工作人员和顾客讲解电梯安全知识。解琛摄/光明图片
二是电梯门机系统使用不规范,导致电梯门开闭出现异常,造成安全隐患。电梯在日常使用过程中,很多用户为搬运物品长时间遮挡电梯门,保持电梯的开门状态,长期如此不规范的使用会对电梯的门机系统产生较大影响,造成开关门失灵甚至卡住人员、物品等安全隐患。
三是长期超负荷运载,也容易导致电梯事故。由于我国人口众多,且大城市人员较为密集,地铁、机场等场所客流量巨大,相关场所的电梯长时间满负荷甚至超负荷运转,使得我国电梯的使用频率和强度大大高出欧美国家,机械老化、磨损等更为突出,给电梯带来安全隐患。
四是电梯管理以及使用人员安全意识不到位。例如7月26日湖北荆州一家百货商场发生的自动扶梯吞噬一位年轻母亲的事故,根据已经公开的视频资料,在年轻母亲抱着孩子乘坐电梯前,商场服务人员已经发现了安全隐患,并且险些造成事故。但是这些服务人员缺乏安全意识,未能采取及时关停电梯或者其他警戒措施,导致发生惨剧,实在令人痛惜。此外,社会公众对乘坐电梯的安全常识也缺乏认知,出现紧急情况不懂得自救,更有甚者缺乏社会公德,遇到电梯故障不是及时通报而是对电梯进行破坏,发泄情绪,这些都给电梯安全使用带来了隐患。上述几个方面,是导致我国电梯安全事故频发的主要因素。
2.依法理性维护自身权益
如果发生电梯安全事故,公众应如何维护自己的合法权益?这个问题关系到法律的适用,总的原则是依法理性维权。因为每个个案的具体情况千差万别,并没有一个固定公式足以用来解决全部问题,所以,在具体适用法律时,应该具体问题具体分析。笔者列举下列几种情形,供维权时参考。
其一,如果电梯本身存在质量问题,导致发生事故,则受害人可以向宾馆、商场、银行、车站等责任主体主张赔偿全部损失。根据侵权责任法的规定,宾馆、商场、银行、车站、娱乐场所等公共场所的管理人或者群众性活动的组织者,未尽到安全保障义务,造成他人损害的,应当承担侵权责任。因此,如果公众在宾馆、商场、银行、车站、娱乐场所等公共场所因电梯事故发生人身损害,可以以这些公共场所的管理人未尽到安全保障义务为由,要求这些商场、宾馆等承担侵权责任。还是以湖北荆州百货商场电梯事故为例,死者家属完全可以依据该法律的规定,以商场未尽到安全保障义务为由,要求商场承担全部损害赔偿责任。
其二,电梯质量存在问题,消费者除了向公共场所管理人主张赔偿外,还可以向电梯的生产者、销售者主张损害赔偿。根据侵权责任法有关条款,因产品存在缺陷造成他人损害的,生产者应当承担侵权责任。如果是因销售者的过错使产品存在缺陷,造成他人损害的,销售者应当承担侵权责任。因产品存在缺陷造成损害的,被侵权人可以向产品的生产者请求赔偿,也可以向产品的销售者请求赔偿。因运输者、仓储者等第三人的过错使产品存在缺陷,造成他人损害的,产品的生产者、销售者赔偿后,有权向第三人追偿。所以,如果经查明是电梯质量存在问题,受害人可以向电梯的生产者、销售者要求承担侵权责任。
其三,是不是一旦出现电梯安全事故,相关责任人都要赔偿全部损失呢?这个问题也要具体分析,全面审查受害人以及责任人的过错。如果受害人自身对事故的发生没有过错,则责任人要承担全部赔偿责任;反之,如果受害人本身对事故的发生存在过错甚至是故意为之,则需要受害人自己承担部分或全部责任。法律规定,被侵权人对损害的发生也有过错的,可以减轻侵权人的责任。同时,如果损害是因受害人故意造成的,行为人不承担责任。比如,电梯出现故障,相关人员已经明确禁止乘坐电梯,受害人仍然执意乘坐,由此发生的损害后果,受害人要自己承担大部分甚至全部责任。
其四,如果电梯本身没有问题,乘坐电梯完全是因为自己的原因造成损害的,则无权要求他人承担损失。比如,网上曾经有一个视频,大人带着两个小孩子逛商场,其中年龄较大的孩子乘坐电梯安全抵达一楼,而另外一个小孩子,因为年龄小不懂事,就抓住了电梯的扶手,在电梯运转过程中发生了坠落,受到严重伤害。惨剧的发生并不是因为电梯本身存在问题,而是家长作为孩子的监护人未尽到监护职责。虽然孩子的遭遇让人痛心,但是这种情况如果要求电梯管理人承担责任,往往很难获得支持。
3.一分预防 胜过十分补救
权威数据显示,我国电梯的保有量已经超过300万台,这还只是2013年的统计数据。随着经济的发展,我国电梯的数量、规模会更加庞大,从事故发生的概率来看,我国电梯事故的发生概率极低,因此,电梯安全的总体形势是好的。且在已经发生的电梯事故中,人为因素、管理因素占主导地位,因此公众对我国电梯的质量以及安全性能理应持有肯定态度。
但是也应该看到,乐观的态度不能代替审慎的思考。虽然总体上发生电梯事故的概率还不到百分之一,但事故一旦发生,对个人、家庭来说就是百分之百,造成的损害巨大,身体甚至生命损失更是难以挽回。一分的预防胜过十分的补救,未来应该做好以下几个方面的工作,尽可能避免电梯事故的再度发生。
一是社会公众要培育社会公德,具备安全意识,合理使用电梯。特别要按照日常张贴在电梯轿厢中的使用说明,安全、合理使用电梯,不得进行违规操作,尤其不能在电梯上追逐、打闹、嬉戏。要学习电梯安全运行的常识,发现安全隐患时,及时通知有关部门迅速对电梯进行检修,保障电梯运行安全,维护自身以及社会公众的合法权益。
二是公共场所管理人应当提高电梯安全运行意识,对所辖电梯进行及时、有效的安全维护与日常保养,并且对员工进行安全教育与培训,发现问题及时处理、果断应对,防止出现恶性安全事故。
三是严格执行国家相关的法律法规。电梯属于特种设备安全法、特种设备安全监察条例规定的特种设备,对特种设备的监管,法律法规有一整套的制度设计。特种设备的检验检测机构要认真依法履职,国家质监部门要落实好监管职责,发现违法违规问题要严肃查处,将电梯安全隐患降到最低,保障社会公众的合法权益。
我国是一个电梯大国,人口众多,人员流动频繁。电梯安全事关每个人,也事关每个家庭。维护好电梯的安全,应当群策群力,杜绝事故的出现,从而保障公共安全。
凯发k8官网下载客户端中心的版权所有:北京升华电梯集团有限公司
凯发k8官网下载客户端中心的版权所有:北京升华电梯集团有限公司
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